Piaget
| Deductive Reasoning | Domain Specific (Rathus, 2022, p. 501) | ||||||||
| Inductive Reasoning | Formal Operational 12y+ | 40% of College Students (Flavell et al., 2002; Moshman, 2019) | |||||||
| Egocentric [Reasoning] | Concerete Operational 7-11y | Abstraction Hypothetics Symbols of Symbols | |||||||
| Causal [Reasoning] | Preoperational 2-7y | Conservation | Symbols for Unknown [Quantities] | ||||||
| Sensorimotor 0-2y | Symbolism | Utopian Thinking | |||||||
| Object Permanence | Metaphors |
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
| Stage 6 Universal Ethics Principles Orientation | ||||||||
| Stage 5 Contractual, Legalistic Orientation | ||||||||
| Stage 4 | ||||||||
| Stage 3 | ||||||||
| Stage 2 | ||||||||
| Stage 1 |