Flow presence and self-concept absence during positive valence (i.e., joy), and out of flow self-concept saliency with negative affect. (Csikszentmihalyi, 2014/1982; Csikszentmihalyi & Nakamura, 2014).
Negative affective states are associated with means (routes toward goals; as cited in Kruglanski, 1975)
Stable across situation and actions
Self-concept is relatively stable across situations, though situations may demonstrate variability, or situations may evidence relative saliency.
Salient standards guiding selection/evaluation of “actions, policies, people, and events” (Schwartz, 2022)
Self-concept presents attentional guidance in determination of [social] threat saliency etc. Self concept is a “standard” salient in social situations.
Relatively ordered against other values
Self-concept’s realization can be reordered against other values (i.e., needs; see reordering of need hierarchies, Maslow, 1987).
Relative ordering guides action and tradeoffs; situationally activated
Self-concept collectively informs action and tradeoffs. Self-concept is situationally activated by collective need saliency etc.
Universal Values
Note that as “value” is interchangeable with “need” in psychological literature. Other perspectives may assert universal needs as universal values, such as quantitative and qualitative evidence of universal needs for relatedness, competency, and autonomy in self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000). These are the universal values proposed and evidenced by Schwartz with convergence with other theoretical constructs (to be added to over time).
Schwartz’s Universal Values
Psychological Theories
Need & Motivation Theories
Weber & Durkheim
Milgram & Zimbardo
Achievement
Mastery Experience (Bandera, TBD)
Universalism
Self-direction
Self-efficacy (Bandura, TBD)
Hedonism
Need for Uniqueness
Power
Need for Power [over domain]
Stimulation
Stimulus Hungry
Collective Effervescence
Tradition
Traditional Authority
Conformity
Deindividuation
Security
Benevolence
Altruism
References
Hodges, R. A. E. (2023). Introduction and discussion as the pith to the seed of paradigmatic superpositional therapeutic relations: Discovery of self as a value (6th Ed.) [Unpublished Manuscript]. Washington State University.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Schwartz, S. H. (2005). Basic human values: Their content and structure across countries. In A. Tamayo & J. B. Porto (Eds.), Valores e comportamentos nas organizações [Values and behavior in organizations] (pp. 21–55). Vozes.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Academic Press.
