Methods “effective in the processes of ego resistance and symptom formation” (Freud, p. 44). “… the ego of the adult neurotic fears the instincts because it fears the superego. Its defense is motivated by superego anxiety” (Freud, p. 55).
Regression (i.e., protection of the ego against instinctual demands; see Freud, p. 43).
Repression
Reaction Formation
Isolation
Undoing
Projection
Introjection (i.e., identification; see Freud, p. 43)
“… educational methods, which are later internalized by the superego… the parents’ example… which the superego makes its own by the process of identification…” (p. 56).
Turning against the self
Reversal
Sublimation (i.e., displacement of instinctual aims; see Freud p. 44).
A “normal” defense mechanism (Freud, p. 44).
References
Freud, A. (1986). The ego and the mechanisms of defence (C. Baines Trans.). Karnac Books. (Original work published 1936)
Di Giuseppe, M., & Perry, J. C. (2021). The hierarchy of defense mechanisms: Assessing defensive functioning with the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales Q-Sort. Frontiers in Psychology 12, 718440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718440