This is a summary of psychological needs and associated theories adapted from Hodges’ (2023) literature review covering a plurality of needs covered. This is a work in progress.
Primer
Person-Environment & Need-Press Theory
Originators:
Henry Murray (1938)
Needs represent individual feelings, behaviors, and reactions; “press” facilitates or hinders the fulfillment of needs.
Desire to Know and Understand
Asch (), Maslow (1954), Murphy (), Wertheimer ()
Freedom of inquiry; freedom of expression; curiosity, exploration. These are pre-requisites for basic need fulfillment.
Aesthetics
Maslow (1954)
Beauty; symmetry; order; closure; completion of acts; system; structure.
Schwartz’s Criteria of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs
It shall be noted that this hierarchy is not so strict and rigid as some needs bay be elevated or subordinated to other needs for various reasons (Maslow, 1954, pp. 51–53).
Physiological
Originators:
Maslow (1943, 1954)
Food (e.g., mineral, protein, salt, vitamins etc.), water, protection (e.g., shelter, clothing, shoes), rest (e.g., sleep), air (e.g., oxygen), etc. Sex.
Deficiency proposed to result in “sleepiness, fatigue, lack of energy, loftiness, perhaps even laziness, lethargy, etc.” (Maslow, 1954, p. 66). Gratification results in “alertness, vigor, zest, etc.” (p. 66).
Safety & Security
Originators:
Maslow (1943, 1954)
Security, stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear, freedom from anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order, laws, limits, strength in protectors. Health, security/protection (e.g., employment), property, family and social ability.
Deficiency proposed to result in “apprehensiveness, fear, dread and anxiety, tension, nervousness, and jitteriness” (Maslow, 1954, p. 66). Gratification result sin “lack of anxiety, lack of nervousness, relaxedness, confidence in the future, assurance, security, etc.” (p. 66).
Belongingness & Love
Originators:
Maslow (1943, 1954)
Affectionate (i.e., contact, intimacy, sense of connection) relations (e.g., friendship, family). A place in a group. Sex. Convergent validity with strong-ties (Granovetter, 1973).
Self-Esteem
Originators:
Maslow (1943, 1954)
Two sides of (a) strength, achievement, adequacy, mastery and competence, confidence in the face of the world, independence and freedom; (b) reputation/prestige, status, fame, glory, dominance, recognition, attention, importance, dignity, appreciation. Of one’s self and others.
Self-Actualization
Originators:
Maslow (1943, 1954)
Doing what one is “fitted for”, “to become actualized in what he is potentially”; self-fulfillment. Morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance, experience of purpose, meaning and inner potential.
Needs for Power, Achievement, and Affiliation
Power
McCleland (1961); Zurbriggen & Struman (2002); Sokolowski et al. (2000); Van Emmerik et al. (2010)
The “fight” of anger-excitement (McClelland, 1982, 1985).
Achievement
McCleland (1961); Zurbriggen & Struman (2002); Sokolowski et al. (2000); Van Emmerik et al. (2010)
Sustainment of interest-surprise (McClelland, 1982, 1985).
Affiliation
McCleland (1961); Zurbriggen & Struman (2002); Sokolowski et al. (2000); Van Emmerik et al. (2010)
Maintenance of joy-happiness-pleasure (McClelland, 1985; McClelland & Koestner, 1992).